Contribution Margin Percentage: How To Calculate It, Why Add It, And What Are The Potential Benefits (2023)

As a business owner, you know that adding value to your products and services is essential to success. And one way to do that is through contribution margin percentage. Many businesses, including small to medium-sized companies, are interested in learning how to calculate their contribution margin percentage.

But what is the contribution margin percentage, why should you add it to your financial reports, and what are the potential benefits? In this article, we'll look at all that and more.

Table Of Contents

• What is the Contribution Margin Percentage?

• Factors Affecting the Contribution Margin Percentage

  • Quantitative Factors

  • Qualitative Factors

• Contribution Margin Formula - How To Find The Contribution Margin

• What Is Considered A Good Contribution Margin?

• Example of Contribution Margin Calculation

• What Is Considered A Good Contribution Margin?

• Contribution Margin, Gross Margin, Total Contribution Margin, and Unit Contribution Margin

  • Gross Margin Formula

  • Total Contribution Margin Formula

  • Unit Contribution Margin

• Why Add Contribution Margin To Your Business?

• What Does A High Contribution Margin Percentage Mean For Your Business?

• How To Improve Contribution Margin

• The 7 Best Practices For Calculating Your Contribution Margin Percentage

• Contribution Margin Percentage: How To Calculate It, Why Add It, And What Are The Potential Benefits - Conclusion

What is the Contribution Margin Percentage?

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Contribution margin percentage is a financial metric that helps investors and businesses assess the profitability of their operations. One can calculate it by dividing a company's profits from sales by its total sales.

The contribution margin percentage helps to identify how well a company is doing relative to its competitors in terms of profit margins. In addition, it can help make decisions about whether or not to invest in a business or tell it.

Different margins may be more critical than others depending on the type of business. For example, in the retail sector, margins on items such as clothes and home goods are often much higher than those on hair styling or car repair. services

A high contributor margin percentage indicates that the company's operations are highly profitable. In contrast, a low contributor margin percentage suggests that profits may be lower due to lower contribution margins from individual contributors. Contributor margin percentages can vary significantly depending on the type of business and its specific operating conditions.

Factors Affecting the Contribution Margin Percentage

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Quantitative Factors

2.1

1. Unit Selling Price: The unit selling price is one of the primary quantitative factors affecting the contribution margin percentage. Usually, a higher unit selling price results in an increased contribution margin percentage as it allows for greater profitability; conversely, a lower unit selling price will typically lead to a reduced contribution margin percentage.

1. Variable Costs per Unit: The variable costs associated with each sold product or service can significantly influence the overall contribution margin percentage. Generally speaking, as the variable price per unit increases, so too does the total cost of goods sold and thus lowers the resulting contribution margin percentage compared to when these exact costs are at their lowest.

1. Fixed Costs: Fixed costs, such as rent, utilities, and salaries, are expenses that do not change with the number of products or services sold. Regardless of the number of units that sell, these expenditures will impact the contribution margin percentage. High fixed costs can lead to a decreased contribution margin percentage, while low fixed costs help to offset overhead and thus increase contribution margin percentages.

1. Volume: In addition to pricing and cost structure, the total volume of products or services sold is also essential in determining the contribution margin percentage. It is because increased sales volume often leads to lower variable costs per unit and higher overall profitability, both of which result in improved margins when compared to selling fewer units with higher variable costs associated with each one.

By understanding these quantitative factors and how they affect the contribution margin percentage, businesses can better manage their operations and increase profitability. The key is to balance pricing, cost structure, and volume to maximize the contribution margin percentage. It requires careful analysis of fixed and variable costs and a thorough understanding of customer demand to set effective prices for each product or service.

Qualitative Factors

2.2

Many factors can affect this number, and understanding these qualitative factors can be essential in determining the best course of action for improving profits.

• Customer loyalty. Customers who repeatedly purchase from your company will likely pay the total price for products or services, resulting in higher average sales and profits. Also, loyal customers may refer other potential customers to your business, increasing total sales volume.

• Pricing strategy. Setting prices too low can harm the contribution margin percentage as it minimizes the profit. Setting prices too high can also be beneficial, as customers may only purchase from your company if the price is reasonable.

• Competition. Suppose some competitors offer products similar in quality for lower prices. In that case, it will be difficult for you to compete by lowering your sale price, thus reducing profit potential. Keeping abreast of competitor pricing and offering unique features or services can help ensure customers continue buying from you instead of switching to a competitor's product.

• Customer service. It plays a vital role in determining the contribution margin percentage. Customers expect excellent customer service when making purchases; if they don't receive it, they may take their business elsewhere. Ensuring customer satisfaction through quality customer service will help keep current customers loyal and attract new buyers.

By understanding the qualitative factors that affect contribution margin percentage, businesses can make informed decisions on pricing and marketing strategies to maximize profits. Taking into account customer loyalty, pricing strategy, competition, and customer service will ensure the optimization of profitability for the long-term success of the business.

Contribution Margin Formula - How To Find The Contribution Margin

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The contribution margin formula reveals the difference between the product selling price and variable costs. By calculating a company’s contribution margin, you can quickly identify profits associated with each unit of a product sold. It also helps to assess how much money remains from sales revenues after paying all variable expenses.

To calculate Contribution Margin, use the following formula:

Contribution Margin = Sales Revenue - Variable Costs

For example, if a company sells 100 units of a product at $10 per unit and it has variable costs of $6 per unit, then its contribution margin would be calculated as follows:

Contribution Margin = (100 * 10) - (100 * 6)

Contribution Margin = $400 - $600

Contribution Margin = -$200

In this example, the contribution margin is negative, meaning the company loses money for each unit sold. In other words, their fixed costs exceed their profits per unit.

It’s important to remember that the contribution margin should be used in combination with other financial and operational metrics when evaluating a business’s performance. By looking at total sales volume and cost structure, you can assess a company’s overall profitability more accurately.

Example of Contribution Margin Calculation

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Let's look at some examples of how to calculate the contribution margin:

Example 1

We have a company that pays $10 per unit for raw materials and incurs manufacturing costs of $20 per unit. The product sells for $50. Accordingly, we can calculate the contribution margin as follows:

Selling price - Variable cost = Contribution Margin

$50 - ($ 10 + $ 20) = $ 20

The contribution margin is always given in dollar amounts, regardless of the context. Therefore, the contribution margin is $20 per unit in this case.

Although we used only three inputs in this example (selling price, variable cost, and fixed cost), we should consider more factors in a contribution margin calculation. For instance, the company will need to account for its advertising costs and other overhead charges. Furthermore, if there are sales incentives such as discounts or rewards, then these should also be taken into account when calculating the contribution margin.

The contribution margin is an essential metric for businesses because it provides insight into the profitability of each unit sold. It can help managers identify areas where to reduce costs and profits increased. Additionally, the contribution margin allows investors and lenders to assess the overall health of a business.

Example 2

Toyota is an international company that manufactures automobiles and trucks. Toyota's automotive production employs over 300,000 people in more than 35 countries worldwide. It produces various vehicles, including sedans, SUVs, pickups, and vans. The company has a long history of creating reliable and high-quality vehicles.

To calculate Toyota's contribution margin, the company divides its sales by its cost of goods sold. This calculation allows Toyota to identify where it is earning a profit and where it is spending too much money on fees. The contribution margin reveals how profitable each company's division is relative to others. Toyota's contribution margin was 34% in 2010. It means that 34% of their sales went towards earning profits while 66% went towards covering costs such as materials and labor.

What Is Considered A Good Contribution Margin?

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Most people believe that a good contribution margin is around 25%. However, this is only sometimes the case. Some businesses may be able to achieve a higher margin, while others may be able to maintain a lower margin. Understanding what contributes to a good margin is essential before deciding how much to contribute to a business.

Several factors can contribute to the success of a business. These include the company's size, the industry in which it operates, and the product or service offered. For any of these factors to significantly impact margins, they must consider pricing and distribution.

It is vital for businesses to carefully analyze their situation to determine what contribution margin is appropriate for them.

Contribution Margin, Gross Margin, Total Contribution Margin, and Unit Contribution Margin

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These are all closely related, but each has its distinct purpose and help business in analyzing their profitability.

The Contribution Margin is the difference between a company's total sales and variable costs. It is the amount of revenue that remains after subtracting all direct expenses associated with making or selling a product or service.

Gross Margin is the contribution margin ratio to total revenues; it expresses how much of every dollar must be used for fixed costs to make a profit.

Total Contribution Margin refers to the percentage of each unit sold (or produced) that contributes directly to profits minus any associated direct expenses such as taxes and labor costs. This metric helps managers determine which products are most profitable and needs prioritization when allocating resources.

Unit Contribution Margin calculates by dividing the Total Contribution Margin by the number of units sold or produced. Management can use this metric to understand how each unit contributes to the bottom line and can help to inform pricing decisions and determine where they should focus additional efforts to maximize profits.

By understanding these four related metrics, companies can gain valuable insight into their overall financial performance, allowing them to make informed decisions that will result in higher profitability and growth.

Gross Margin Formula

6.1

The Gross Margin helps to calculate the profitability of a company's goods and services. It considers the costs associated with providing these goods/services and subtracts that from the total sales generated. The formula for Gross Margin is:

Gross Margin = (Total Sales - Cost of Goods Sold) / Total Sales.

The cost of goods sold includes all direct costs associated with producing, storing, and delivering goods or services. You can further divide this number to get more detailed information about each part of your business. For example, you can break down expenses such as overhead costs, operational costs, labor costs, materials costs, and distribution and marketing fees.

Total Contribution Margin Formula

6.2

Total Contribution Margin is a way to determine how much money a business makes after taking its variable costs out of its net sales.

Total Contribution Margin = Net Sales – Variable Costs.

The Total Contribution Margin measurement helps determine how much margin is available for covering fixed costs, such as overhead expenses and salaries, and generating profits. It helps companies identify which products are more profitable than others so they can decide which ones to invest in or promote. Additionally, it indicates how well a business performs and what strategies they need to adjust to remain competitive.

Unit Contribution Margin

6.3

UCM is an essential tool for businesses to measure profitability. It helps break down the individual contribution of each product or service towards overall profits. The formula to calculate UCM is as follows:

Unit Contribution Margin = Sale Price – Variable Costs / Unit Sales

It indicates how much a company gains from selling one unit of a particular item. This metric can help to compare different products, services, and lines within the same business. By understanding which items bring in more profit, companies can make informed decisions about their pricing strategies and identify potential growth opportunities. Additionally, it can help them determine if they should invest in new products or reduce costs associated with certain goods or services that need to generate more money.

Why Add Contribution Margin To Your Business?

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Contributing to a cause or organization is a noble act that can often add value to someone’s life. But what if you could get paid for your contributions? And not just in the form of a tax deduction, but the money you could touch?

Why would an organization want to factor in a contribution margin when recruiting new members or soliciting donations? There are a few reasons.

• It can help organizations track their spending on behalf of their members or donors.

• It can help them determine how much they should charge for their services.

• Lastly, it can provide financial stability for contributor organizations during economic uncertainty.

A contribution margin to your business can provide an added financial cushion if sales or profits unexpectedly decrease. Additionally, adding a margin can improve your company's overall profitability and stability. The contribution margin is the difference between total revenue and total cost of goods sold. This figure can help you better understand how efficiently your company produces revenue while controlling costs. By understanding your contribution margin, you can make informed decisions about how to improve your business practices.

The benefits of adding a contribution margin to your business are clear. By being financially prepared for decreases in sales or profits, you are less likely to experience a sudden blowout in expenses that could damage your bottom line. Additionally, improved profitability and stability mean that your company is more likely to weather difficult times without significantly impacting its operations.

What Does A High Contribution Margin Percentage Mean For Your Business?

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1. A high margin percentage means your company can maintain profitability even in difficult times since it can keep its costs low while generating a healthy return on investment (ROI).

A high contribution margin benefits businesses that can maintain profitability even in difficult times. Companies with high contribution margins can cover their costs with the revenue generated from their products and services. It allows these businesses to maintain a healthy bottom line and avoid going out of business. High contribution margins also play an essential role in creating sustainable competitive advantages for businesses. By generating more income than their competitors, companies can stay ahead of the curve and continue to grow in the market.

2. It allows you to sustain growth over time, as it signals to investors that your company is well-run and has a good foundation for future success.

As a business owner, you want to maximize your profits and stay in business for as long as possible. One way to do this is to maintain a high contribution margin- meaning that your costs are lower than your revenues. It allows you to sustain growth over time, as it signals to investors that your company is well-run and can afford higher expenses without losing money. Additionally, a high contribution margin indicates that you’re processing high-value goods or services, which can lead to increased demand and more satisfied customers.

3. It can help you attract and retain top talent, demonstrating that you can generate significant profits without sacrificing quality or efficiency.

The business world is constantly changing, and new technologies are always emerging. As a result, it can be difficult for businesses to remain competitive. Companies can stay ahead of the curve by demonstrating that they can generate significant profit with a high contribution margin. It means the company can develop a higher return on its investment than its competition. High contribution margin businesses often attract and retain top talent, demonstrating that they can cause significant profits and remain competitive in the market.

4. It can result in increased consumer satisfaction, as people know they are getting value for their money when they make purchases from your business.

In business, providing your customers with value for their money is vital. A high contribution margin is often necessary to achieve this. When a company has a high contribution margin means that the profit generated by each sale is greater than the cost of goods sold. It can result in increased consumer satisfaction, as people know they are getting value for their money. Furthermore, businesses with a high contribution margin are more likely to succeed in the long run because they can reinvest profits into their operations and grow their enterprise.

How To Improve Contribution Margin

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Businesses should focus on three key areas to improve contribution margin: reducing manufacturing costs, increasing productivity, and improving customer service. Companies can raise their contribution margin by addressing these areas without sacrificing sales or profits.

Reducing manufacturing costs is the first step in improving the contribution margin. By slashing production costs, businesses can reduce the cost of their products and increase their profit margins. In addition, by producing items using more efficient methods, companies can save on energy and resources.

Increasing productivity is another critical area for improving contribution margin. By increasing employee efficiency, companies can improve production output by increasing employee efficiency while also reducing costs. In addition, by automating specific tasks or processes, businesses can reduce labor expenses.

Lastly, it is vital to improving customer service to enhance the contribution margin. Poor customer service not only frustrates customers but also reduces sales and profits.

The 7 Best Practices For Calculating Your Contribution Margin Percentage

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Calculating your contribution margin percentage is an integral part of business planning. Here are seven best practices for calculating your margin percentage:

1. Have a clear understanding of your business and its operations to calculate your contribution margin percentage accurately.

When calculating a business's contribution margin percentage, it is crucial to understand your business and its operations clearly. It will help you accurately calculate your margin percentage, which will help you maximize your profits. It will help you identify potential gaps in your profit margins, areas where you could be making more money, or areas where you may need to adjust your pricing strategy. Businesses must consider various factors, including sales volume, price point, product mix, and manufacturing costs, to achieve a high contribution margin percentage. By clearly understanding your business's operations, you can ensure that you make the most profit possible from your investments.

2. Use reliable financial tools and data sources to maximize the accuracy of your calculation.

When calculating your contribution margin percentage, you should use reliable financial tools and data sources to ensure accuracy. Use a calculator with a built-in margin calculator to ensure accuracy, and make sure to double-check your results against other reputable sources. It will help you maximize the profits of your business. To calculate your margin percentage, divide your gross profit by your sales revenue. Use this figure to calculate the percentage of each category's total sales attributable to you. You can then use this information to manage better and grow your business. Using reliable data sources and tools, you can ensure that your calculations are accurate and reflect actual results in your industry.

3. Make sure to account for all costs associated with producing products or services.

When calculating your contribution margin percentage, it is essential to account for all costs associated with producing the product. It includes both direct and indirect expenses. Indirect expenses can consist of things like employee wages, manufacturing costs, and marketing expenses. Direct fees can consist of materials and equipment costs and salaries for workers involved in the production process. This figure can help businesses determine how profitable they are and whether they are making a sufficient return on investment. Considering all these costs can ensure that your contribution margin percentage is accurate and reflects the actual cost of production.

4. Calculate your margin percentage based on net sales, not gross sales.

When calculating your contribution margin percentage, it is essential to understand that net sales matter, not gross sales. Gross sales are affected by various discounts and promotional offers that a business may offer. On the other hand, net sales are not affected by these types of deals or promotions.

The main reason it is essential to calculate your margin percentage based on net sales is that it allows you to focus on the true profitability of your business. Using net sales as your calculation method, you can avoid misleading yourself into thinking that a particular product or service is profitable when it isn't.

It's also important to remember that the contribution margin percentage doesn't simply reflect how much profit your business generates on its behalf; it also reflects how much money you can bring in from each sale.

5. Use a consistent methodology across projects and businesses to ensure consistent results.

A consistent methodology across projects and businesses is a best practice for calculating your contribution margin percentage. Calculating your margin percentage allows you to compare and contrast different firms or projects in profitability. By using a consistent methodology, you can ensure that all calculations are accurate and reflect the actual financial performance of your company.

To calculate your margin percentage, first determine the total cost of goods sold (TCOS) to calculate your margin percentage. Next, subtract the total amount paid for wages and related expenses from TCOS. This figure is known as gross profit. Finally, divide gross profit by the total cost of goods sold to determine your contribution margin percentage. By using a consistent methodology, you can ensure that all calculations are accurate and reflect the actual financial performance of your company.

6. Regularly review and adjust your margin percentage calculation as needed to ensure that it remains accurate over time.

When calculating contribution margin percentage, regularly review and adjust your margin percentage calculation as needed. It will help ensure that your company makes the most of its profits and resources.

One way to regularly check your margin percentage is to divide your total revenue by the total costs of goods sold. Another way to calculate margin percentage is to divide your net income (i.e., profits) by total assets. However, these calculations may not be inaccurate due to fluctuations in sales or costs. Therefore, making regular adjustments to your margin percentage calculation is vital to maintain a precise picture of your company's profitability. It will help ensure you're maximizing your profits while controlling costs.

7. Take action if your margin percentage falls below desired levels.

The best practice for calculating contribution margin percentage is maintaining the desired margin percentage. To calculate your desired margin percentage, identify your gross margin (the total sales revenue divided by the total cost of goods sold), and subtract your operating expenses from that figure. Then divide by your net income (gross profit minus operating expenses). This number is your desired margin percentage.

Take immediate corrective action if your desired margin percentage falls below the acceptable range set by your company's board of directors or management. For example, if you have the desired margin percentage of 25% and your actual margin is 22.5%, you would need to raise prices or reduce costs to reach the 25% target. Alternatively, reduce production or sales levels to reduce costs while still meeting customer demands.

Contribution Margin Percentage- Frequently Asked Questions

Why is contribution margin so important to manufacturers?

The contribution margin is an essential metric for manufacturers to measure their profitability. It considers the amount of revenue generated from a product or service. It subtracts any associated variable costs directly related to producing goods and services. By calculating the contribution margin, manufacturers can better understand their profits after covering essential costs like materials, labor, and overhead expenses.

This allows them to know how much profit they generate from each product or service and make strategic decisions about pricing or production to maximize profits. Additionally, by assessing the contribution margins of different products or services, manufacturers can determine which ones are more profitable so that they can prioritize resources accordingly. Ultimately, understanding contribution margin helps manufacturers ensure that their businesses remain profitable and competitive.

Is the contribution margin viewed at different levels of granularity? Do all levels matter?

The contribution margin is a critical concept in accounting and finance, as it helps identify the amount of revenue that covers fixed costs. This can be viewed at different levels of granularity, allowing for greater insight into how the business is performing.

At the highest level, it's helpful to look at total contribution margins. This gives an overview of whether or not the company is making a profit overall by dividing total sales minus variable costs by total sales. It's important to note that this doesn’t consider any fixed costs (e.g., rent), which need to be accounted for separately.

It can also be beneficial to look at contribution margins at a more granular level, such as by product or department. This allows for a deeper analysis of how each business area performs and can help identify areas where costs can be reduced or productivity increases. Furthermore, this granularity level helps ensure that corrective decisions are targeted at specific areas rather than the entire company.

Overall, looking at both a high level and granularity contribution margins is essential to gain maximum insight into how the business is doing and determine if it's meeting its goals. Understanding contribution margins is necessary for making informed financial decisions that will help your business succeed regardless of your chosen method.

While all levels of contribution margin analysis have their advantages, it's important to note that some may be more beneficial in certain situations than others. For example, suppose a company is looking for ways to make budget cuts. In that case, detailed analysis at the granular level can help pinpoint areas where costs can be reduced without significantly impacting the business's overall success. On the other hand, if a company is trying to measure total performance, then a high-level overview of contribution margins may be more helpful. Ultimately, it depends on the goal and objectives of each business.

Therefore, when it comes to analyzing contribution margins, all levels matter and have unique advantages. The key is understanding which level will give you the best insight into your financial situation to make informed decisions and ensure your business' success.

The contribution margin is an essential metric for measuring the financial performance of a business, and its importance should not be overlooked. When assessing the company's overall performance, it's critical to look at high-level and granular levels of analysis to gain complete insight into how the business is doing. The key is understanding which level will provide the best information to help you make informed decisions that will ultimately contribute to your company's success. With a thorough understanding of contribution margins and their different levels, you'll have all the tools necessary to make strategic decisions that will benefit your business.

What happens if product contribution margins are miscalculated? What are the possible outcomes?

Miscalculating product contribution margins can have several serious consequences. If the contribution margin is too low, it may result in reduced profits and even losses for a company due to overspending on production costs or inefficient pricing strategies. On the other hand, if the contribution margin is too high, it can lead to excessive spending and under-utilization of resources which could also reduce profits. In some cases, miscalculated product contribution margins could also cause legal issues if prices are set at levels that violate anti-trust regulations or other laws.

In addition to potentially reducing profitability, miscalculations in product contribution margin can create an inaccurate picture of the performance of a business and its products, which makes it difficult for management to make informed decisions on pricing or product expansion. This can also lead to customers feeling misled or overcharged, potentially damaging the company's reputation and customer relationships.

Due to these risks, businesses must accurately calculate their product contribution margins and other financial metrics. Companies should also regularly review their pricing strategies and adjust them if needed based on changes in costs of goods sold market demand, and industry competition. These steps will help ensure that a business is maximizing profits while protecting itself from any legal issues associated with incorrect pricing practices.

If not properly managed, miscalculating product contribution margins can significantly negatively impact a business. By taking the necessary steps to ensure that the margins are calculated correctly and making adjustments as needed, companies can avoid these problems and better position themselves for long-term success.

Why your cost accountant or controller is best positioned to identify and resolve contribution margin issues?

A cost accountant or controller is the perfect person to identify and resolve contribution margin issues. This is because they are experts in analyzing financial data, such as costs and revenues for a particular product or service. They use this information to determine margins, which measure a product's or service's profitability after taking into account its direct costs.

Contribution margin analysis helps organizations make pricing, budgeting, and resource allocation decisions. It also provides insight into how much money each sale actually contributes to covering overhead costs. With their knowledge of financial statements and key performance indicators (KPIs), cost accountants can quickly identify any areas where margins are not meeting expectations due to overspending or underutilizing resources.

Cost accountants can also provide important insight into improving margins by reducing costs or increasing sales. They are well-equipped to analyze data and identify areas for cost savings or revenue optimization. In addition, they have the expertise to recommend strategies for improving profits and ensuring that the organization is meeting its financial goals.

Overall, cost accountants and controllers are in an ideal position to help organizations maximize contribution margin. By leveraging their financial acumen and analytical skills, they can quickly identify issues that need attention and develop plans for improving margins. With their guidance, companies can be sure that every sale contributes towards reaching its overall financial objectives.

In conclusion, cost accountants and controllers are uniquely qualified to help organizations recognize and address contribution margin issues. By leveraging their expertise in financial statements and KPIs, they can quickly identify areas for improvement, develop strategies for increasing margins, and ensure that the organization is meeting its financial targets. With their guidance, companies can be confident that every sale contributes towards achieving their long-term goals.

Contribution Margin Percentage: How To Calculate It, Why Add It, And What Are The Potential Benefits - Conclusion

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The contribution margin is an important metric to track and manage for businesses. Adding it to your financial statements can help you understand your business's profitability, identify areas for improvement, and take necessary steps to increase profits. Additionally, contribution margin can provide benefits such as employee motivation and development, increased customer loyalty, and a competitive edge. The added value it contributes to overall financial performance and the potential benefits of incorporating it into strategic planning makes it a valuable tool. Therefore, it is essential to correctly calculate and track the contribution margin to achieve the desired results.

Contribution Margin Percentage - Recommended Reading

Internal

Profitability vs. Profit: The Definition, Key Similarities, and Differences You Need to Know (benjaminwann.com)

Why Is Profit Margin Important? - Full Guide (benjaminwann.com)

10 Common Costing Methods - How To Choose One For Your Business? (benjaminwann.com)

External

Contribution Margin: Definition, Overview, and How To Calculate (investopedia.com)

What is a Contribution Margin Percent? (chron.com)

YouTube: (216) Contribution Margin Explained - YouTube